![]() ![]() There were no differences in impairments in other areas. Patients seen in the ED were more likely than inpatients to have deficits in category fluency (OR, 1.8) and memory encoding (OR, 1.7). ![]() In analyses adjusted for race, smoking, body mass index, underlying illnesses, and depression, hospitalized patients had higher odds than outpatients of deficits in attention (odds ratio, 2.8), executive function (OR, 1.8), category fluency (OR, 3.0), memory encoding (OR, 2.3), and memory recall (OR, 2.2). The most prominent cognitive impairments included processing speed (133 were impaired), executive function (118 ), phonemic fluency (111 ), category fluency (148 ), memory encoding (178, and memory recall (170 ). Different impairments in inpatients, outpatients Executive function involves working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control. The neuropsychologic tests included Number Span forward (to gauge attention) and backward (working memory), Trail Making Test Parts A and B (processing speed and executive function, respectively), phonemic and category fluency (language), and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (memory encoding, recall, and recognition). The aim was to better characterize the relationship between COVID-19 severity and persistent cognitive problems, often called "brain fog," because previous studies have had small sample sizes and lacked optimal measurement of cognitive function, the researchers said. Average time since COVID-19 diagnosis was 7.6 months. Researchers at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai evaluated 740 COVID-19 inpatients and outpatients using validated neuropsychologic tests in April and May 2021.
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